How does interleukin-1 activate cells?

How does BAFF activate B cells in patients with autoimmune diseases?

Yoshimoto and colleagues [1] demonstrate that peri pheral monocytes from patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) produce signifi cantly higher amounts of the cytokines B cell-activating factor (BAFF) (also called B-lympho cyte stimulator, or BlyS) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in compari son with normal monocytes. Increased expression of BAFF might explain pathogenic B-cell activation in several syste...

Lactate does not activate NF-κB in oxidative tumor cells

The lactate anion is currently emerging as an oncometabolite. Lactate, produced and exported by glycolytic and glutaminolytic cells in tumors, can be recycled as an oxidative fuel by oxidative tumors cells. Independently of hypoxia, it can also activate transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) in tumor and endothelial cells, promoting angiogenesis. These protumoral activities of ...

Live Borrelia burgdorferi preferentially activate interleukin-1 beta gene expression and protein synthesis over the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist.

Lyme arthritis is one of the few forms of chronic arthritis in which the cause is known with certainty. Because cytokines are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic arthritis, we investigated the effect of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, on the gene expression and synthesis of IL-1 beta and the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) in human peripheral blood mononucl...

How to Activate a Power

Checkpoints: How to activate p53

One in three people are touched by cancer at least once in their lifetime. Over half of human tumours are associated with mutations that either directly affect the protein p53 or affect components of pathways that regulate p53. The discovery that ‘checkpoint’ pathways, which monitor the structural integrity of our chromosomes, stabilise and activate p53 in response to DNA damage indicated how t...